The polychaete borings Caulostrepsis taeniola, Caulostrepsis cretacea, Caulostrepsis avipes, Caulostrepsis penicillus isp. nov., Maeandropolydora elegans, Maeandropolydora sulcans, Sulcichnus sigillum, the bryozoan boring Pinaceocladichnus onubensis and the phoronid boring Talpina cf. hackberryensis occur in coralla of the solitary scleractinian coral Ceratotrochus (Edwardsotrochus) duodecimcostatus in the upper Pliocene middle/lower neritic to upper bathyal fine-grained deposits of NE Tunisia. This very rich assemblage of borings is produced in vivo as suggested by (i) their occurrence close to the surface and mostly in the upper part of coralla (Caulostrepsis ispp., M. elegans), even if they are known to penetrate deeply in the substrate, or (ii) evidence of corallum deformation in response to the boring action (Sulcichnus sulcans). The remaining borings were probably produced post mortem; they penetrate deeply into the corallum (M. sulcans) or always occur shallowly in the substrate (Talpina) and, in addition, cross cut other borings (Pinaceocladichnus). The polychaete borings are dominant. The abundance of the borings is probably caused by ecological pressure from shallower zones in subtropical waters. This resulted in the colonization of hard, small-sized substrates located in relatively deep (offshore) waters. The interpretation of age and palaeoenvironment was elucidated by the analysis of benthic and planktonic foraminifers.

Key words: Anthozoa, palaeoecology, ichnotaxonomy; commensalism, Pliocene, Mediterranean basin.

Nadia Gaaloul [nadia.gaaloul@fst.utm.tn; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0693-0501], Syrine Ben Ali [syrine. benali@etudiant-fst.utm.tn; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6627-5343], and Sami Riahi [sami.riahi@fst.utm.tn; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4248-4423], Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El-Manar, LR18ES07, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia. Alfred Uchman [alfred.uchman@uj.edu.pl; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-777X] (corresponding author) and Bogusław Kołodziej [boguslaw.kolodziej@uj.edu.pl; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9838-3411], Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. Katarzyna Janiszewska [k.janiszewska@twarda.pan.pl; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7094-1821] and Jarosław Stolarski [stolacy@twarda.pan.pl; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-6823], Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.